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-
- CHAPTER 1.
- DOS TECHNICAL INFORMATION
- Programming Technical Reference - IBM
- Copyright 1988, Dave Williams
-
-
- SOME HISTORY
-
- Development of MSDOS/PCDOS began in October 1980, when IBM began searching
- the market for an operating system for the yet-to-be-introduced IBM PC.
- Microsoft had no real operating system to sell, but after some research licensed
- Seattle Computer Products' 86-DOS, which had been written by a man named Tim
- Paterson for use on the company's line of 8086, S100 bus micros. This was
- hurriedly polished up and presented to IBM for evaluation. IBM had originally
- intended to use Digital Research's CP/M operating system, which was the industry
- standard at the time. Folklore reports everything from obscure legal
- entanglements to outright snubbing of the IBM representatives by Digital,
- irregardless, IBM found itself left with Microsoft's offering of "Microsoft Disk
- Operating System 1.0". An agreement was reached between the two, and "IBM PC-DOS
- 1.0" was ready for the introduction of the IBM PC in October 1981. IBM subjected
- the operating system to an extensive quality-assurance program, found well over
- 300 bugs, and decided to rewrite the programs. This is why PC-DOS is copyrighted
- by both IBM and Microsoft.
-
- It is sometimes amusing to reflect on the fact that the IBM PC was not
- originally intended to run MSDOS. The target operating system at the end of the
- development was for a (not yet in existence) 8086 version of CP/M. On the other
- hand, when DOS was originally written the IBM PC did not yet exist! Although
- PC-DOS was bundled with the computer, Digital Research's CP/M-86 would probably
- have been the main operating system for the PC except for two things - Digital
- Research wanted $495 for CP/M-86 (considering PC-DOS was essentially free) and
- many software developers found it easier to port existing CP/M software to DOS
- than to the new version of CP/M.
-
- MSDOS and PC-DOS have been run on more than just the IBM-PC and clones. There
- was an expansion board for the Apple ][ that allowed one to run (some) well -
- behaved DOS programs. There are expansion boards for the Commodore Amiga 2000,
- the Apple MacIntosh II, and the IBM RT PC allowing them to run DOS, and the IBM
- 3270 PC, which ran DOS on a 68000 microprocessor. The Atari STs can run an
- emulator program and boot MSDOS.
-
-
- Specific Versions of MS/PC-DOS:
-
- DOS version nomenclature: major.minor.minor. The digit to the left of the
- decimal point indicates a major DOS version change. 1.0 was the first version.
- 2.0 added subdirectories, etc. 3.0 added file handles and network support.
- The first minor version indicates customization for a major application. For
- example, 2.1 for the PCjr, 3.3 for the PS/2s. The second minor version does not
- seem to have any particular meaning.
-
- The main versions of DOS are:
-
- PC-DOS 1.0 October 1981 original release
- PC-DOS 1.1 June 1982 bugfix, double sided drive support
- MS-DOS 1.25 June 1982 for early compatibles
- PC-DOS 2.0 March 1983 for PC/XT, many UNIX-like functions
- PC-DOS 2.1 October 1983 for PCjr, bugfixes for 2.0
- MS-DOS 2.11 October 1983 compatible equivalent to 2.1
- PC-DOS 3.0 August 1984 for PC/AT, network support
- PC-DOS 3.1 November 1984 bugfix for 3.0
- MS-DOS 2.25 October 1985 compatible; extended foreign language support
- PC-DOS 3.2 July 1986 3.5 inch drive support for Convertible
- PC-DOS 3.3 April 1987 for PS/2 series
-
-
- Some versions of MS-DOS varied from PC-DOS in the availible external commands.
- Some OEMs only licensed the basic operating system code (the xxxDOS and xxxBIO
- programs, and COMMAND.COM) from Microsoft, and either wrote the rest themselves
- or contracted them from outside software houses like Phoenix. Most of the
- external programs for DOS 3.x are written in "C" while the 1.x and 2.x utilities
- were written in assembly language. Other OEMs required customized versions of
- DOS for their specific hardware configurations, such as Sanyo 55x and early
- Tandy computers, which were unable to exchange their DOS with the IBM version.
-
- At least two versions of DOS have been modified to be run entirely out of ROM.
- The Sharp PC5000 had MSDOS 1.25 in ROM, and the Toshiba 1100 and some Tandy
- models have MSDOS 2.11 in ROM.
-
-
- THE OPERATING SYSTEM HIERARCHY
-
- The Disk Operating System (DOS) and the ROM BIOS serve as an insulating layer
- between the application program and the machine, and as a source of services
- to the application program.
- The system heirarchy may be thought of as a tree, with the lowest level being
- the actual hardware. The 8088 or V20 processor sees the computer's address
- space as a ladder two bytes wide and one million bytes long. Parts of this
- ladder are in ROM, parts in RAM, and parts are not assigned. There are also
- 256 "ports" that the processor can use to control devices.
- The hardware is normally addressed by the ROM BIOS, which will always know
- where everything is in its particular system. The chips may usually also be
- written to directly, by telling the processor to write to a specific address or
- port. This sometimes does not work as the chips may not always be at the same
- addresses or have the same functions from machine to machine.
-
-
-
- DOS STRUCTURE
-
- DOS consists of four components:
-
- * The boot record
- * The ROM BIOS interface (IBMBIO.COM or IO.SYS)
- * The DOS program file (IBMDOS.COM or MSDOS.SYS)
- * The command processor (COMMAND.COM or aftermarket replacement)
-
-
- * The Boot Record
-
- The boot record begins on track 0, sector 1, side 0 of every diskette formatted
- by the DOS FORMAT command. The boot record is placed on diskettes to produce an
- error message if you try to start up the system with a nonsystem diskette in
- drive A. For hard disks, the boot record resides on the first sector of the DOS
- partition. All media supported by DOS use one sector for the boot record.
-
-
- * Read Only Memory (ROM) BIOS Interface
-
- The file IBMBIO.COM or IO.SYS is the interface module to the ROM BIOS.
- This file provides a low-level interface to the ROM BIOS device routines and
- may contain extensions or changes to the system board ROMs. Some compatibles do
- not have a ROM BIOS to extend, and load the entire BIOS from disk. (Sanyo 55x,
- Viasyn)
-
-
- * The DOS Program File
-
- The actual DOS program is file IBMDOS.COM or MSDOS.SYS. It provides a high-
- level interface for user (application) programs. This program consists of file
- management routines, data blocking/deblocking for the disk routines, and a
- variety of built-in functions easily accessible by user programs.
- When a user program calls these function routines, they accept high-level
- information by way of register and control block contents. For device
- operations, the functions translate the requirement into one or more calls to
- IBMBIO.COM or MSDOS.SYS to complete the request.
-
-
- * The Command Interpreter
-
- The Command interpreter, COMMAND.COM, consists of these parts:
-
- Resident Portion:
-
- The resident portion resides in memory immediately following IBMDOS.COM and its
- data area. This portion contains routines to process interrupts 22h (Terminate
- Address), 23h (Ctrl-Break Handler), and 24h (Critical Error Handler), as well as
- a routine to reload the transient portion if needed. For DOS 3.x, this portion
- also contains a routine to load and execute external commands, such as files
- with exensions of COM or EXE.
-
- When a program terminates, a checksum is used to determine if the application
- program overlaid the transient portion of COMMAND.COM. If so, the resident
- portion will reload the transient portion from the area designated by COMSPEC=
- in the DOS environment. If COMMAND.COM cannot be found, the system will halt.
-
- NOTE: DOS 3.3 checks for the presence of a hard disk, and will default to
- COMSPEC=C:\. Previous versions default to COMSPEC=A:\. Under some DOS
- versions, if COMMAND.COM is not immediately availible for reloading
- (i.e., swapping to a floppy with COMMAND.COM on it) DOS may crash.
-
- All standard DOS error handling is done within the resident portion of
- COMMAND.COM. This includes displaying error messages and interpreting the
- replies of Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail.
-
-
- An initialization routine is included in the resident portion and assumes
- control during startup. This routine contains the AUTOEXEC.BAT file handler and
- determines the segment address where user application programs may be loaded.
- The initialization routine is then no longer needed and is overlaid by the first
- program COMMAND.COM loads.
-
- NOTE: AUTOEXEC.BAT may be a hidden file.
-
- A transient portion is loaded at the high end of memory. This is the command
- processor itself, containing all of the internal command processors and the
- batch file processor. For DOS 2.x, this portion also contains a routine to load
- and execute external commands, such as files with extensions of COM or EXE.
-
- This portion of COMMAND.COM also produces the DOS prompt (such as "A>"), reads
- the command from the standard input device (usually the keyboard or a batch
- file), and executes the command. For external commands, it builds a command line
- and issues an EXEC function call to load and transfer control to the program.
-
- NOTE: COMMAND.COM may be a hidden file.
-
- NOTE: For Dos 2.x, the transient portion of the command processor contains the
- EXEC routine that loads and executes external commands. For DOS 3.x, the
- resident portion of the command processor contains the EXEC routine.
-
-
-
- DOS Initialization
-
- The system is initialized by a software reset (Ctrl-Alt-Del), a hardware reset
- (reset button), or by turning the computer on. The Intel 80x8x series processors
- always look for their first instruction at the end of their address space
- (0FFFF0h) when powered up or reset. This address contains a jump to the first
- instruction for the ROM BIOS.
- Built-in ROM programs (Power-On Self-Test, or POST, in the IBM) check machine
- status and run inspection programs of various sorts. Some machines set up a
- reserved RAM area with bytes indicating installed equipment (AT and PCjr).
- The ROM routine looks for a disk drive at A: or an option ROM (usually a hard
- disk) at absolute address C:800h. If no floppy drive or option ROM is found, the
- BIOS calls int 19h (ROM BASIC if it is an IBM) or displays error message.
- If a bootable disk is found, the ROM BIOS loads the first sector of information
- from the disk and then jumps into the RAM location holding that code. This code
- normally is a routine to load the rest of the code off the disk, or to "boot"
- the system.
- The following actions occur after a system initialization:
-
- 1. The boot record is read into memory and given control.
-
- 2. The boot record then checks the root directory to assure that the first
- two files are IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM. These two files must be the
- first two files, and they must be in that order (IBMBIO.COM first, with
- its sectors in contiguous order).
- NOTE: IBMDOS.COM need not be contiguous in version 3.x.
-
- 3. The boot record loads IBMBIO.COM into memory.
-
- 4. The initialization code in IBMBIO.COM loads IBMDOS.COM, determines
- equipment status, resets the disk system, initializes the attached
- devices, sets the system parameters and loads any installable device
- drivers according to the CONFIG.SYS file in the root directory (if
- present), sets the low-numbered interrupt vectors, relocates IBMDOS.COM
- downward, and calls the first byte of DOS.
- NOTE: CONFIG.SYS may be a hidden file.
-
- 5. DOS initializes its internal working tables, initializes the interrupt
- vectors for interrupts 20h through 27h, and builds a Program Segment
- Prefix for COMMAND.COM at the lowest available segment. For DOS versions
- 3.10 up, DOS initializes interrupt vectors for interrupts 0Fh through 3Fh.
-
- 6. IBMBIO.COM uses the EXEC function call to load and start the top-level
- command processor. The default command processor is COMMAND.COM.
-
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